The goal of this chapter is to critically assess the nature of archives and oral history, how they arecreated, their possibilities and restraints in historical studies, and to present examples of theories and methods on how to use and evaluate them. The chapter also includes examples of the use of archives and oral histories in contemporary research, possible strategies for enrolling them in writing histories of archaeology in the future, and reflections on the impact of the digital development that we have witnessed in recent decades. Most information concerning archaeological achievements is not published but stored in various archives and in the minds of archaeologists as personal or collective memories. As the subject of archaeology’s history has become more specialized, the awareness of the potential of these sources has increased. This specialization has revealed long-forgotten and even neglected archaeologists, ideas, and practices and triggered interest in new issues that are importantfor our understanding of the discipline’s past.